The brick kiln is still popular, despite modern solutions. The main advantage is that it breathes. When the brick body is heated, moisture vapors are released into the room, and when cooled, absorbs back. Due to this, the dew point is maintained at the optimal level for humans.
In addition to the positive impact on health, there is another advantage: when calculating the optimum temperature, the value can be reduced to 18 ° C, due to the ideal humidity ratio in the heating season. In brick and wooden houses, the stove saves fuel: 17 °C, a physically healthy person does not feel discomfort. And in a concrete house and at 18 °C, feels chilly.
When heating with water registers, the lower temperature - 22 °C, and when using an INFRARED emitter, electric and gas heater, a degree higher. Therefore, a brick kiln, at efficiency up to 50%, economically more profitable than modern solutions with efficiency 70%. The heating season starts later, ends earlier. For the middle band, this is the difference per week, and in the south to 3.
Materials and devices
Brick
Furnace brick is different from refractory fireclay, in some sources they are confused. They have a common size: construction brick of 250х125х65 mm, standard oven 230x114x40 mm. If you understand, then kiln brick is a quality M150, red. It is suitable for the construction of Russian and Dutch furnaces. With heat resistance in 800 °C of it can be made and stones for the house, but it cools quickly and absorbs little heat, therefore used only for open flames, where no heating is required.
The firebox sections of the furnace with a high thermal regime are made of fireclay bricks: baths, Swedish, cap. Warmth - 1600 °C, that is enough for a home stove. High heat capacity makes it an excellent heat accumulator. But due to these features, the stove is not made entirely of fireclay bricks, otherwise it sharpens quickly and also cools rapidly. On the outside, the masonry should be covered with ceramics, at least, in half-bricks.
Chamotte clay from different deposits has different colors, but it does not affect the characteristics and determine the quality of the product in appearance will not work. The size and designation are no different from the usual.
How to learn a good brick:
- Fine-grained structure without pores and inclusions.
- When tapping a brick with a hammer, a good product has a resounding sound, the bad deaf.
- If you drop a good brick from a height, then it will fall to pieces, and bad, on small pieces and dust.
When laying the internal openings of stoves for the house, well-established clinker brick. It consists of ceramics and inconspicuous appearance shows good heat resistance and strength. Clinker is cheaper than fireclay, but more expensive than red.
Sand
If you expect, to make your oven last 10 years without regular repairs, then in a solution it is necessary to use mountain sand without impurity. Other species contain large amounts of organic matter, which leads to cracking of the seams. Clay sand - ground broken bricks, at a price it is cheaper than mountain, and the quality of masonry is second to none.
Masonry mortars
When laying stoves for the house use clay and sand mortars. White kaolin and fireclay marl are used for fireclay. With ceramic brick - ground clay with refractory qualities (gray or blue Cambrian, gray kaolin). On 100 PC. You need 40 kg of clay.
When buying clay, pay attention to the smell, if you feel it, it speaks of impurities, not suitable for furnace construction. Before laying it is necessary to define fat content, that is, a combination of viscosity and adhesion, for the correct ratio of sand. Clay of one quality, but from different fields, differ in this indicator. To check 1 kg of powder is filled with water to the upper limit and allowed to stand for 24 hours. Shamotna mergel zakisaє for 2 years.
The fermented clay is moistened with water and stirred, to achieve the consistency of a thick dough. The resulting composition is divided into 5 equal parts and each mixed with sand, in different proportions (10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 100% of volume). Then dried 4 years. Sausages with a diameter are made from each sample 1,5 cm, no less 30 cm, rotates around a round object with a diameter 5 see and watch:
- If the solution has settled without cracks, then it will be suitable for the construction of any furnace.
- The dry crust broke, small cracks appear - the material is suitable for use.
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The cracks parted 1 mm - for ovens, whose temperature does not rise above 300°C (country fireplace, barbecue).
- Hacks, deep cracks, gaps - high sand content, unusable.
Testing of brick sand, to identify the correct ratio, will allow you to save significantly, quality clay is more expensive.
The working solution is made on the same principle:
- Clay is placed in water for a day.
- The resulting mass is mixed to the state of the test.
- A 3x3 mm sieve is used to remove lumps
- According to the results of the previous batch, add sand.
- Add water, until the mixture reaches the density of sour cream.
- The fat content is checked by wetting the trowel.
- If necessary, add a little clay or sand.
It comes out of the forging of selling clay 4 buckets of solution.
Stoves
Stoves (latches, the door), attached to the furnace with a mustache, which fall on the seams or skirt of steel, wrapped in 5 mm asbestos cord. The first option is the cheapest, but not suitable for the oven, created fireboxes and heat dampers, quickly becomes unusable. And for replacement it is necessary to break a laying, which is bad for the oven.
Laying and bandaging
Depending on that, which side of the brick is outside, masonry is divided into pole and spoon. "Bedding" masonry, when bricks are laid on spoons or sticks, SNiP is prohibited due to fragility, but it is used in extreme cases, for external finishing.
Laying is done with bandaging seams, rows of bricks should go with an offset. Otherwise any microcracks will go beyond the place of origin, destroying the integrity of the structure. There are many ways to bandage, they often have to be changed in the process of erecting a complex chimney according to the drawing.
Principles of bricklaying:
- Tychkovy row begins and ends the laying.
- Every brick should stand on 2 others.
- Adjacent rows of bricks should overlap 1/4 in width and length.
- If the vertical seams are not filled with mortar, then the masonry will spread to the layers.
- There should be no coincidence of vertical seams of spoon and point rows.
- Areas under the beams, protruding thresholds, inserts - only point.
- Hewn bricks are not used outside.
Minimum seam width - 2 mm, maximum - 3 mm. Allowed extensions in the masonry to 5 mm, in the vault and ceiling rows - to 13 mm. At the junction of ceramic and fireclay masonry, maximum width - 5 mm. rows of masonry should be tied.
When building partitions, make bypass windows at the bottom and top. The pass is made simply - are passed 2 bricks. But the flow will not work, otherwise there will be a hanging wall. The supports of the kicks alternate each 3 rows with spoon windows.
The walls of the convector are made in order, and the shield with spoons with ordinary bandages.
Vaults in household furnaces are made semicircular. The order of laying:
- A drawing of the vault is made.
- Bricks are pressed for him, on which the vault will be kept.
- The bearings are placed on the solution and wait for it to dry completely.
- The wings of the arch are laid out according to a template, dressing must be adhered to.
- Lock stones are abundantly lubricated with mortar before installation, and then killed with a wooden hammer.
- After complete drying of the solution, the disk is removed and the laying of the furnace continues.
The seams on the wings should not coincide with the locks. To avoid this in the drawing they are performed in a mirror image, rather than a shift. The angle of divergence should not exceed 17 degrees. To do this, use a standard size brick, thickness of internal seams 2 mm, external 13 mm.
Number
To the widespread use of computers, the amount of bricks for construction was considered by special coefficients for projects with addition 15%, on marriage and theft. But at current prices for materials, such an approach is unacceptable. Now all constructions are calculated on CAD (computer-aided design systems). The program will automatically issue the required number of full numbers, shaped and lower bricks, according to the drawing. But with the independent construction of the furnace, the easiest way is to count by order. For a medium oven, it will take an hour, but will allow you to count materials to the nearest 2%.
"Buslaevskaya" stove for the house
The design is equipped with a built-in hood and is well suited for the house, as it can be used not only for heating (lower), but also cooking (upper). To build a "Buslaevskaya" furnace, You need:
- Blown up (0,14x0.14 m), doorknobs (0,2x0.25 m).
- Drawings with order.
- Refractories - 44 PC.
- Solid brick - 383 PC.
- Cast iron stove with burners 0.7x0.4 m.
- Oven 0.28x0.33x0.5 m.
- Smoke valves 0.13x0.25 m.
- Lattice grate 0.3x0.25 m.
- Corner 0.45x0.45 m, 3 no for 1 m.
- Steel piece 0.3x0.28 m.
- Cast iron plate 0.4x0.25 m.
The order of the "Buslaevskaya" furnace:
- I - full range.
- II - blew up.
- III - cleaning window.
- IV - the bottom of the oven is laid out of refractory, on three sides lined with iron.
- V - firebox door is installed, grate, overlap cleaning.
- VI - installation of DS.
- VII - around the LH refractories are installed on the edge.
- VIII - full range
- IX - the upper part of the oven is coated with clay (1 cm).
- X - smoke is set.
- XI - creating channels and laying 25 cm stripe, overlap of cleanings.
- XII - installation of fastening wire and the end of cleaning.
- XIII - cap.
- XIV - overlap.
- XV – XVI - pichurki.
- XVII - a small stick is covered with iron.
- XVIII - the boundaries of the side walls are pressed.
- XIX - laying of performances.
- XX - corner installation, duplication of speech.
- XXI - chimney ceiling.
- XXII - reduction of the chimney diameter to 0.26x0.13 m.
- XXIII - and all subsequent rows - is a chimney.
When used for facing clinker brick, the dimensions of the furnace increase. It is not recommended to use instead of a full-bodied. Facing of a design by tiles, which will ensure a long service life.
Because of: competent order
The technology of creating stoves for the house is different from the traditional one. Often use the laying of rows without the use of solution, according to the order. To give the desired shape, the brick is pressed and cut. The dimensions of the furnace are smaller than the walls of the house and carefully measure the diagonals before construction. Everyone 4 rows make a control measurement. This is convenient to do with a taut cord and rules.
Using a ready-made solution will save a lot of time. You will not have to 2 days to soak the clay, strain through a sieve, knead to the required consistency. To prevent rapid drying, the brick is pre-moistened with water. The absence of rectangular ledges in the structure will help save on operating costs. When laying, check the thickness of the seams, remove excess solution. Different materials are used in the construction of the furnace and different solutions are used for their joining. Fireclay bricks are not tied with clay, ovens, cast iron and steel plates, rods, water tanks, lattices are not built in a laying. This is due to the different expansion rates of the materials at the time of heating.