Device of drilling machines: device, principle of operation, varieties

Though, that today on the market there are many types of equipment, which provides high-precision drilling of holes, the best choice is a drilling machine. It was for this purpose that it was created. The drilling equipment offered on the market today is capable not only to solve a problem on creation of apertures, having a perfectly round cross section with a diameter up to 100 mm

Also, if you have special devices, you can use this tool to perform a large number of other operations.

Appointment, device and principle of operation of drilling machines

Initially, drilling machines were created to make holes in workpieces and products made of different materials, which is realized by removing chips with drills, which act as a cutting tool. The vast majority of devices in the segment of this equipment are occupied by various industrial machines.

At the same time quite a small number of varieties account for household models, with which only those operations are performed, for which they are intended. In some cases, they are used for personal or educational purposes.

A feature of industrial equipment is that, that in addition to drilling, they are able to solve other problems, on which we will dwell further.

To better understand the device of the drilling machine and the features of its operation, it is desirable to consider all this on the example of household models of such devices. Due to their small size, they are ideal for use in the home workshop.

Household drilling machine is attractive because, that it can be placed on a table or other elevation. This option creates the most comfortable conditions for working on it. These modifications of drilling machines are a category of vertical drilling units. They are the largest number on the market among other models, differing in their design.

If you consider the device of a household drilling machine, then you can select the following required elements:

• Spindle head, on which the cartridge under a drill is fixed;
• Drilling head, where the spindle headstock and the electric motor with the belt drive are provided;
• Vertical column rack, which is equipped with a drilling head;
• Massive bed, having the form of a flat support, which is made on the basis of cast metal and gives stability to the machine. It is on it that the rack is rigidly fixed.

Choosing a place for a drilling machine, it is possible to place it by a bed on a table or to fix by means of bolts through apertures, which are in focus on the machine. A feature of the desktop machine is the presence of vertical feed, due to which the spindle moves from top to bottom. For this reason, it is accepted to include in the category of vertical drilling equipment. To make the spindle move, it is necessary to perform manual manipulations, using a special feed handle.

Work and interaction of machine tool units for home workshop

Device functions, which ensures the rotation of the spindle, performs the electric motor. Household models are equipped with engine power 250-1000 Wat. The rotating shaft of the electric motor causes the spindle to rotate due to the transmission of torque by means of the drive, equipped with a belt mechanism.

The latter consists of pulleys under the V-belt. Most machines provide the ability to choose the speed of rotation of the drill. The belt drive used in them has pulleys, provide several grooves of different diameters under the belt.

To select the required spindle speed, the drilling machine must first be de-energized. Then you need to change the position of the belt on the pulley, and then turn on the motor again. According to a similar scheme, you can choose the speed in the range 450-3000 rpm. The need to set a lower speed may arise in the situation, when it is necessary to create large holes in hardwood and metals.

Household models of drilling equipment are equipped with a chuck for the drill, whose design is similar to that, which have an electric drill. Drills are suitable for them, whose diameter does not exceed 12 mm. The device is present 3 self-centering cam, covering and fixing the shank of the tool. Due to the presence of a special key provides a rigid fixation or, vice versa, cartridge weakening, when it is necessary to fix or pull out a drill.

Household models of machines can be used to create holes in the workpieces, whose height does not exceed 20-90 mm. And the height range for each equipment can be different. This is determined by the device of a particular machine.

The main factor, which affects the considered parameter, is the height of the upper position of the drilling head, which can rise and fall on a column rack. On compact models of such equipment, this operation is performed by moving the drill module by hand.

Large models have a special device for this, equipped with a handle or steering wheel. A special handle is used to select the desired head position. A similar technique is used then, when it is necessary to adjust the depth of the holes and the minimum height of the workpieces, It has to do with that, that cartridge, which is equipped with a spindle, has a small marginal downward run when it is fed. It can matter 5-40 cm, determined by the type of machine.

Drill departure

The operation of drilling equipment may also be affected by this parameter, like the flight of a drill. This characteristic means the distance between the central vertical axis of the drill or other tool, which is fixed in the cartridge, and stable. Preferably, to make this distance as large as possible, since it affects, at what distance from the edge of the workpiece you can create a hole. For household machines, the standard departure rate is 10 – 20 div.

Machine bed

It is very important to pay attention to the condition of the equipment, which must have a significant weight and small dimensions. The latter must correspond to the dimensions of the machine itself. In case of serious deviations it will not be possible to achieve the necessary stability of the machine and stability of its work. On top of the bed, which is aimed at the cartridge, assigned the role of the desktop.

In terms of execution, it may have a completely or partially flat surface, where several slots can be provided: thanks to the central you can create through holes, without damaging the table and drill. As for the side slots, their purpose is to attach the vise, templates and stops.

Additional equipment for household appliances

The complete set of the modern drilling equipment can include a special desktop, for installation of which the special rack can be applied. Some models provide the ability to choose the optimal height of its placement: this operation is performed manually, and thanks to a coupling bolt it is possible to fix a table in necessary position.

There are also such modifications, where a similar function is performed by the rail feed mechanism, for installation of which the lever handle is used. In general, the task of a suspended table is to choose the optimal height of the workpiece and the depth of the holes. They differ in that, providing slots. With their help you can solve the same problems, for which the desktop of a bed is intended also.

Drilling equipment of this configuration is offered in two versions.

• The first has a frame of such a device, with which you can solve the problem, for which it was created: it acts as a support.
• As for the second option, then in addition to its main purpose, it can perform the functions of an additional desktop. The design of the machine may have an inclined hanging table, which can be located relative to the vertical axis. It is desirable to prefer modifications of drilling equipment, at the table which is possible to install it at an angle to 45 degrees.

There may also be a mechanism in the complete set of the drilling machine, which provides the choice of the optimal drilling depth. This mechanism is activated by performing the following operation: for this purpose it is enough to specify necessary depth of an aperture from the end face of preparation. Further, the cartridge locks at that level, where the tip of the drill is aligned with the applied label. Further, the depth control lever must be tightened, which will help create the necessary range for the tool.

Types of industrial machines - the full range of work on drilling holes

The vast majority of all industrial machines on the market are able to solve any problem, truth, this does not apply to certain specialized modifications. In addition to drilling, they can be used to perform some other operations. If you consider the equipment, intended for metalworking, then it can be classified into the following types:

• Desktop. These devices are designed to create and process holes, having small diameters. Their design is initially designed for the maximum diameter of the tool 3, 6, 12 and 16 mm.
• Vertical drilling, which are often referred to as columns. Their main purpose is to process holes with a diameter 18, 25, 35, 50 and 75 mm. This type of equipment is often used in situations, when it is necessary to process preparations and details, which are small in size, in repair shops, as well as in terms of small-scale and individual production.
• Radial drilling. They have become widespread for processing massive and oversized workpieces. They can also be used to process parts, in which the holes have the shape of a circle. A similar effect can be achieved due to the large spindle span, which matters 1300-2000 mm. It is worth noting, that the axes of the tool and the holes are connected by moving the spindle, moreover, the workpiece does not change its position.
• Coordinate drilling. These devices have become widespread for machining parts, for which it is important to adhere to the exact location of the holes in relation to each other.
• Horizontal drilling. They are used for processing deep holes, the need to create which may arise, let's say, in the shafts, axes, stocks, barrels of artillery and infantry systems.
• Central. You can use them to create center holes, the place of execution of which are the ends of the workpieces.

Conclusion

Drilling machines today are the best equipment for making holes in various parts and workpieces. And, to work, which is carried out by this equipment, was the most effective, it is necessary to pick it up correctly. It is not superfluous to get acquainted with the device and the principle of operation. Considering, that these machines are presented in a wide variety, it is very important to choose such a modification, which will fully meet the requirements, for which it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the work, which are planned to be performed with the help of drilling equipment.