Miscellaneous

Laying of engineering networks. Water supply. Heating. Power supply

February 3, 2020

Engineering networks - a system of communications to ensure the production process or maintenance of settlements. There are internal and external systems of engineering networks:

  • power supply;
  • outdoor lighting;
  • heat supply;
  • water supply and sewerage, sewerage;
  • air conditioning and ventilation, dust removal;
  • gas supply;
  • communication, communications and alarms;
  • pipelines;
  • technological conveyors.

Laying of engineering networks is the arrangement of communications, necessary for the life of settlements and the work of facilities for various purposes

Design and installation of engineering networks

Starting construction of the object, there should be a clear idea of ​​the need for such an event, as laying of engineering networks. Composing a project, take into account existing communications, consider connecting to them. The beginning of construction involves the availability of heat supply projects, water supply and sewerage, ventilation, power supply, gas supply, communication. This is a very important moment of construction. Bug fixes, admitted at this stage will be costly later. It is better to avoid alterations, therefore, the laying of utilities requires careful elaboration of the professional project. After delivery of the project installation of communications begins. The technological process of laying engineering networks is carried out in the following mandatory order:

  1. Water supply is being laid, equipping the facility with the necessary minimum of communications.
  2. A heating system is installed.
  3. Power supply is connected.
  4. Sewerage is supplied, hygiene and removal to treatment facilities is provided.

Water supply

Engineering water supply systems consist of three main elements:

  • water supply network;
  • water supply systems;
  • water intake facilities.

Water supply facilities are built to provide water to household consumers, industrial and public facilities, fire extinguishing systems

Water supply is the basis of engineering networks. The whole system is laid, starting from water supply communications. These networks are designed to meet a number of needs:

  • in cold and hot water;
  • in the fire safety system.

Providing the facility with water is to connect to the existing central water supply of the settlement or to create an autonomous system of water intake from the reservoir, drilled well.

Cheap plastic pipes - polypropylene - are often used for external water supply networks, low pressure polyethylene. Laying internal plumbing, install steel pipes, copper, metal and PVC. Laying water supply pipes requires the installation of appropriate shut-off valves and fittings.

Importantly! Particular attention should be paid to the hidden plumbing when laying the water supply. The revealed negligence will be answered by numerous small disturbances in work of plumbers. This will cause trouble for users and requires expensive rework, causing inconvenience.

Fire safety requires the installation and maintenance of hydrants.

Heating

The heating system is an important element of the building structure, which ensures its comfortable operation.

Heating networks and outside, and inside houses must be equipped in this way, to minimize heat loss

Consider central and local heating, including three elements:

  1. Source, producing heat.
  2. Heating networks, transport the coolant to the premises.
  3. Devices, supplying heat to the consumer.

When laying heating mains take into account considerations of economic and technical nature:

  • main heat pipelines - main heat networks - are being built closer to the center of heat loads;
  • their length should be kept to a minimum, without interfering with construction and traffic;
  • cheap construction;
  • reliability of operation;
  • the possibility of providing work in special, emergency situations, in natural disasters;
  • accounting for possible heat loss, especially when building external heating networks.

It is important to know! When laying heating networks, it is important to correctly determine the type of radiator, shut-off pipes with connecting fittings.

Installation of an autonomous heating system is associated with the adaptation of the boiler heating system with electrical and gas engineering networks. The typical value of the pressure in the boiler heating circuit in one and a half atmospheres should also be taken into account.

Methods of laying heating networks

Drawing a plan of the water supply, immediately begin to draw up a heat supply project. Laying heating networks can be done in several ways and each of them has its own characteristics and rules.

Laying underground heating networks requires the equipment of special tunnels or chambers, allowing to carry out inspection and repair of pipes

  1. Overhead way. It is used in conditions of permafrost or high groundwater levels. And also on objects, located far from the city, or industrial. The heat pipe is installed on metal supports, concrete, reinforced concrete. Laying of thermal networks in this way has an advantage - fittings and equipment are open for inspection, no need to build special cameras. The disadvantage is the susceptibility to weathering and the possibility of mechanical damage, including those related to vandalism and sabotage.
  2. Underground method. More common trench laying of thermal networks - tubing method (like subway lines) or at shallow depths. It allows you to combine several utilities in one trench. This significantly reduces the cost of placement and subsequent maintenance of the installed equipment. Trenchless gasket is used at the intersection of tram or railway tracks, squares and streets. This type of heating system is also used in those cases, when for some reason it is impossible to develop the soil.

Complexities of underground gas supply

Underground laying of heating networks is a long and expensive process. It requires the use of complex and expensive equipment, qualified personnel. The main problems, related to the underground laying of heating networks:

  • work is underway, usually, in limited conditions of urban development and previously arranged communications;
  • the construction of the route is complex;
  • placement of linear equipment and fittings is impossible without the installation of chambers and pavilions above them;
  • groundwater and surface water often penetrate into the channels of heating mains and stagnate in them for a long time. This leads to moisture and premature destruction of the insulation layer;
  • stray currents provoke corrosion of pipes, breaking the tightness of the system;
  • paved and covered roads are inconvenient to maintain. You need to call special equipment to access. The production of repair work requires time and effort, often completely incomparable with the nature of the damage.

Concealed installation of heating communications - more time consuming and expensive, than the installation of terrestrial highways

Trenchless laying of engineering communications

It is possible to lay pipelines without excavation, without harming the environment. The method of horizontal-directional drilling will eventually become the main when laying engineering networks.

Laying of external engineering networks by the trenchless method involves the installation of GNB installation at the starting point. A pilot well is drilled in the direction of the exit point along a given trajectory. Pipes-cases are laid on it by a special machine, pipes or cables are tightened in them. When the length of the route to 10 m puncture can be performed manually.

Advantages of trenchless laying:

  • process automation;
  • high speed;
  • the possibility of laying networks at a depth of 20 m eliminates damage to the landscape, allows you to go under objects, where digging trenches is unacceptable;
  • the absence of costs for restoration work significantly reduces the total cost;
  • it is not necessary to interrupt normal life activities at the work site;
  • emergency situations, damage to previously laid networks becomes fundamentally impossible.

Pipes for heating systems

Underground gas supply requires the use of special pipes, withstand certain temperatures and pressures, resistant to water hammer. For the manufacture of heating pipes are used:

  • galvanized steel, withstanding pressure up to 12 atmospheres and high temperatures. The weak point of steel pipes is the threaded connections. Other disadvantages include the inability to combine with underfloor heating, complexity of installation and high cost;
  • polypropylene, operating at pressures up to 9 atmospheres and temperatures up to 90-95? WITH (it is many times cheaper than steel and easy to install);
  • cross-linked polyethylene, has a low coefficient of thermal expansion. The possibility of rupture of a cross-linked polyethylene pipe is practically eliminated. It works reliably at pressures up to 12 atmospheres and temperatures up to 90-95? WITH. But - not cheap, belongs to the premium price category;
  • metal-plastic is not inferior in resistance to pressure and temperature of cross-linked polyethylene. However, when installing it, the cost of the system increases significantly. Additional fitting connections are required.

The use of pre-insulated pipes significantly speeds up the process of installing heating networks

The best option for external heating networks in some cases may be the use of insulated pipes. Their design combines a heat pipe and insulation, does not require welding during installation.

Power supply

Engineering power supply networks are laid with the following calculation, to ensure reliable and safe operation of all engineering systems of the facility. Even a short-term power outage can have extremely undesirable consequences. Even a short-term power outage can have extremely undesirable consequences. Even a short-term power outage can have extremely undesirable consequences, Even a short-term power outage can have extremely undesirable consequences, Even a short-term power outage can have extremely undesirable consequences. Even a short-term power outage can have extremely undesirable consequences:

  • Even a short-term power outage can have extremely undesirable consequences;
  • Even a short-term power outage can have extremely undesirable consequences;
  • Even a short-term power outage can have extremely undesirable consequences, Even a short-term power outage can have extremely undesirable consequences.

You need to know! Laying electricity on site requires proper organization of internal and external electrical networks.

You will need a building:

  • step-down transformer substation;
  • distribution nodes;
  • internal networks of electricity supply and electric lighting.

Power cables are laid in two ways:

  1. Underground, in special channels.
  2. Hinged or air. The distance from the support of the transmission line to the facade of the house should not exceed 20 m.

When installing electrical networks by the underground method, special channels for laying cables are arranged, in order to protect the wires and use electrical pipes

Gas supply

Gas networks provide fuel to consumers under a certain pressure and in the required volumes. Most of the population uses natural gas for cooking and heating, water heating. Laying the gas supply system includes installation:

  • subscriber branches. They are connected to the gas distribution network and are designed to provide gas to buildings;
  • indoor gas pipelines. It provides for the transportation of gas inside the building and its supply to individual household gas appliances.

When laying the gas pipeline, the surface preservation of pipes and connections must not be disturbed, insulating coatings. When the installation is complete, reconstruction, overhaul of the gas supply system must be tested for air tightness of the network. At the same time testing the pipeline, composed of polyethylene pipes, should be held no earlier, than a day later, how the last joint will be welded.

Natural gas is explosive. The slightest non-compliance with the installation technology and requirements for the operation of the gas supply system threatens detrimental consequences.

Sewerage

Laying of engineering networks and communications completes the construction of sewerage systems This stage is important, as its competent execution allows to create acceptable, comfortable sanitary and hygienic living conditions. External engineering sewage systems are an autonomous complex for sewage treatment. Or just lay pipes and cut into the central sewer system. Determining the place of insertion into the central sewer and the operation itself should be carried out only by experienced professionals.

Sewage system of one building, the whole complex or area can be autonomous or connected to the central drainage network

Under the internal sewer understand the system of output of laid pipes to the place, where is the external sewer drain.

Seamless operation of the sewer requires consideration of a number of conditions when laying:

  • slope of the pipeline;
  • depth of occurrence of pipes;
  • types of pipes and the creation of the minimum necessary for the installation of free space;
  • volume of wastewater;
  • carrying out thermal insulation;
  • laying of sewer wells.

Laying engineering networks and communications creates a system, ensuring the viability of human society. The efficiency of human labor directly depends on the quality of the communication system. This is not just about businesses, but also to the environment, housing. Comfortable living conditions can increase productivity, quality of life of individuals and society as a whole.