The lathe is an ingenious invention of mankind. Now it is difficult without him, and even impossible to do in almost any industry. Take, example, automotive industry. In one engine only how many round details, which must first be machined on a lathe, and then put in its place in the "heart" of the car. And his wheels are round, and the cast disks need to be given a perfectly round shape.
Equipment for making or processing something without special devices is a useless pile of metal. Lathe is no exception. To work on it, necessary tools and, in the first place, cutters.
Cutter design
The cutter consists of a rod (holders) and heads.
The holder is mounted in the lathe holder. It has a square or rectangular shape. The head is the working part of the cutter with edges and planes, which are sharpened at certain angles, that is necessary for processing of metal preparations in various ways.
The heads are divided into:
- integral;
- with soldered or welded plates;
- with mechanical fastening of plates.
The integral head is one with the state (the core). Such cutters are made of special steel, called instrumental, high in carbon, or high-speed steel. However, such a turning tool is used very rarely.
Cutters with soldered or welded plates are most often used for processing metal workpieces on lathes.. They are made of hard alloy or high-speed steel, which include metals: tungsten, titanium, tantalum and others, differing in high durability and the price, Of course. Such a lathe is used, depending on its brand, for processing of details from pig-iron, non-ferrous metals, non-metallic materials, as well as blanks of any steel.
Carbide plates are very fragile and should be handled with care, adhering to all technological requirements.
Are applied in turning of a head with mechanical fastening of plates. Unlike soldered or welded, it is fixed in the head mechanically. It is convenient in that case, if the basis of the material, from which the plate is made, is mineral ceramics.
So, the materials of the working part of any lathe cutter are:
- high quality carbon steel;
- high-speed steel;
- hard alloys.
Types of turning cutters
They are of the following types:
- detachable;
- checkpoints;
- undercut;
- threaded;
- boring;
- universal.
Detachable
It is impossible for any turner to do without a cutting cutter. It is designed for that, to cut the workpiece to the desired size from the metal ingots, rods, pipes, hexagons, etc.. d., the length of which is more than the required parameters of the future part. It is difficult to confuse him with others, since he has a thin leg, at the end of which is soldered a plate of hard alloy. What is she already, the less res and, in accordance, less waste is obtained in the form of chips. The segment is made at right angles. Thin grooves can be cut with a cutting cutter.
Checkpoints
Pass-through cutters are divided into:
- bent;
- persistent bent;
- direct.
The through passage bent is intended for processing of end faces in preparation, as well as chamfering. Received this name because, that during processing of a detail the cutter as though wraps it from the side.
Another type of through cutter for a lathe is a stubborn bent one. It is one of the most necessary for turning parts from a cylindrical workpiece. Its bending allows you to remove a lot of extra metal when turning a round part in one pass. The cutter moves along the rotation of the part during machining. Bent passages are right-handed and left-handed. Right-handers are most often used in practice.
The direct line is used in the same cases, as the through stop is bent. They often process the metal surface, however, turners rarely use it in their work.
Cutting
The next type of lathe cutter - undercut bent. It should not be confused with persistent checkpoint. In the undercut, in contrast to the persistent checkpoint, the working part is, of course, also a plate of hard alloys, but triangular in shape, one of the sides of which is rounded, while the checkpoint is rectangular. Trimmed bent workpieces are processed across the axis of its rotation, exposing the tool perpendicularly. There are also undercut thrust cutters, but they are not in demand.
Threaded
The tool set for the lathe will be incomplete, if there are no threaded cutters. They are of two types:
- for cutting external threads;
- for cutting internal threads.
The first type is intended for cutting external threads on the workpieces of such parts, like bolts, pins, etc.. d. The cutter plate resembles the shape of a spearhead. There can be two types of thread: metric or inch, depending on the design of the cutter.
The second type is used to cut the internal thread in the workpiece. This cutter has a different look, although the shape of the cutting plate remains the same, as well as a tool for cutting external threads.
Boring
They are of two types:
- for boring blind holes;
- for boring through holes.
In the first case, the cutter is used then, when there is no hole in the workpiece. Hole, Of course, can be drilled in advance with drills of different diameters, but on a lathe this operation will be made easier and faster. For this purpose the boring cutter is applied, in which the plate is the same triangular, as well as undercut, but, in contrast, the boring head has a bend. You need it for that, so that you can bring it from the end of the workpiece and start boring it from the center, going deep inside, making a hole of the desired diameter. You can drill holes of any diameter, but this also requires large cutters.
Another type of cutter is used to drill through holes on the lathe. A hole is pre-drilled in the workpiece with a drill of large diameter, and then it is rolled to the desired size. However, the state plays an important role, the longer it is, the more you can drill a hole in the workpiece. Straight plate, which has no protrusion, allows the tool to easily go inside drilled in advance in the workpiece of the tube and drill it, going through.
Universal cutters are also called prefabricated, because on one holder it is possible to fasten various plates and, so, process workpieces of different shapes at different angles. Tool holders come in different sizes. This type of turning tool is rarely used, that's why they do it a little. If it is found on sale, then the price is quite high, unlike other types.
The cost of the tool
The price of each metal lathe depends on that, what material it is made of, type of tool, that is, for what it is intended for the processing of metal parts and other factors.
Example, the design of the cutting cutter is simpler, knife for threading, accordingly, its price will be lower. However, if the composition of the material, of which the head is made, expensive metal is included, then the price of the tool will be much higher.
It is not necessary to buy the processing tool for lathes on metal cheaper. It has long been proven, that the miser pays twice. It is better to buy a tool at a higher price, but high quality, which will last longer, and will not be disposable.