What is the engine capacity of a car?
One of the most important characteristics of any gasoline or diesel engine is its displacement. Since the appearance of the first internal combustion engines, this characteristic of the motor is a primary indicator, according to which one or another power unit stands out. For this reason, the concept of "engine capacity" is constantly used in relation to various power plants. On many cars the indication of volume of the motor is taken out in the form of a special sign next to designation of the model. Example, BMW 740 means, that this is the seventh series in the model range with engine capacity 4.0 liters.
The power of the characteristic strongly depends on the working volume of the atmospheric or turbocharged engine, maximum speed of the vehicle, etc.. Moreover, distribution of cars by classes, the formation of taxation and determining the amount of payment of various fees also takes into account the type of engines and volumes, which are installed by the manufacturer on different models / types of vehicles and other means.
We also recommend reading the article about it, what motor resource has a modern diesel engine compared to gasoline. In this article you will learn about the main factors and features, which affect the service life before the first overhaul of units on gasoline and diesel fuel.
It should be noted, that many consumers are not always well acquainted with it, what is the actual volume of the engine. Next we intend to talk about it, from which the working volume of the internal combustion engine is calculated, how to find out the engine capacity, etc..
What is the volume of the motor
The internal combustion heat engine is a significant set of different mechanisms, systems and additional attachments, forming a complex engineering solution. The general principle of operation of the internal combustion engine involves the supply of fuel and air to a special closed chamber, where the resulting fuel-air mixture ignites.
As a result of fuel combustion, energy is released, which pushes the piston, placed in the engine cylinder. The piston is moving, KShM converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotational, which allows you to rotate the crankshaft. Next, the engine torque is transmitted to the transmission and then to the drive wheels of the car.
This process is constantly repeated after starting the engine, that is, the motor runs all the time provided, the components are fed and the fuel mixture is efficiently burned in the working chamber. This chamber is called the combustion chamber. The volume of the combustion chamber (it is the working volume) - the product of the cross-sectional area of the cylinder for the length of the working stroke of the piston from BMD to TDC (upper and lower dead center of the piston). The physical volume of the combustion chamber is the working volume of the engine on gasoline and diesel cars, motorcycles and other types of land, air or water transport, agricultural machinery, as well as other mechanisms and devices using internal combustion engines.
pay attention, if the engine has several cylinders, then the volume of the combustion chamber in each of them must be added to the others. In other words, the displacement of a multi-cylinder engine is the sum of the combustion chambers of all the cylinders of such an engine. The total volume of all engine cylinders is usually expressed in liters. The working volume of the combustion chamber is indicated in cubic centimeters.
Let's consider this statement on the example of the widespread four-cylinder 2.0-liter internal combustion engine. We will not give exact figures, but just plainly, that each of the combustion chambers has a working volume 498 cubic centimeters. Since the motor has 4 cylinders, we need to add up the volumes of all the cylinders. As a result, we get 1 992 cm ?. If we talk about the internal combustion engine, then to determine the volume of the generally accepted standard was rounding to integers, and this is happening to a greater extent. So, motor with the total volume of all combustion chambers, which is actually equal to 1992 cm ?, is a displacement engine 2 liters, that is, two liters.
Як діляться автомобілі по класах з урахуванням обсягу двигуна
In the model range of each manufacturer there are products, which differ by classes, mass, overall dimensions and other characteristics. As for cars, during the total dominance of atmospheric gasoline engines there was a conditional division into:
- subcompact and compact micro and small cars with a displacement of up to 1.2 liters;
- small class cars with engines from 1.2 to 1.8 liters;
- middle class with a volume of 1.8 to 3.5 liters.
- powerful civilian and sports versions of cars with engines from 3.5 liters and more;
- higher class versions, which may have different volumes of internal combustion engines.
Let's take a look, which is affected by the volume of the engine. The installation of a motor on a particular model directly depends on it, what characteristics the machine should show (overclocking dynamics, torque, maximum speed, etc.). The power rating depends on the volume of the engine, that the more fuel burns in the combustion chamber per cycle, the more energy is released and transferred to the piston. In other words, the larger the combustion chamber, the more fuel-air mixture can be fed and placed there. Acceleration dynamics and "maximum" also depend on engine power. The more powerful the motor, the greater the speed the car will be able to develop. It should also be considered, that increasing the volume of the chambers automatically means more fuel consumption.
Need to add, that the price of the car strongly depends on the volume of the engine. Example, for the production of a powerful V12 engine with a volume 5.5 l. it costs much more than a three-cylinder engine with a displacement 0.8 l. In parallel, this should be taken into account, that installation under a cowl of the powerful power unit will cause necessity of serious completion of transmission, cooling systems, intake, release, brake system, etc..
Based on the above, small budget urban minivans are often equipped with internal combustion engines with the smallest volume, since such engines are easy to manufacture, provide acceptable dynamics and have low fuel consumption. At the same time the price for such serial cars remains acceptable.
Why modern model designations are not tied to engine capacity
After the active introduction to the market of turbo engines in the form of turbodiesel and turbo gasoline engines, the situation has changed somewhat, and both in primary and secondary school, and in the premium segment. Let's start with that, navigating the "signs" on the car has become more difficult. Initially, many automakers did so, that the alphanumeric index clearly corresponds to the model and volume of the engine. Example, BMW 535 (5-I'm a volume series 3.5).
Today it is a powerful model with an atmospheric engine 5.0 liters after installation of the turbine receives volume 4.4 liters, it still affects the same as the previous one. This situation is well illustrated by the fact, when the digital designation of the popular Mercedes-Benz model lost its binding to the volume of the engine. This is the 63rd AMG. Under the hood of the model has long been placed non-atmospheric unit with volume 6,2 liters, and a turbocharged biturbo engine 5.5 liters. The car is still called Mercedes 63 AMG.
Let's add, that today you can find high-powered engines with a displacement of everything 1 l. (Example, Ecoboost motors on Ford models), which can be installed on a medium-sized sedan or hatchback class "C" / «D». The point is, that the turbocharger installation allowed to provide such characteristics, when the efficiency, power and torque of the engine became possible to increase significantly without the need to increase the physical volume of the combustion chamber.
In other words, atmospheric 1.6 has power 115 l from, while the 1.0-liter Ecoboost releases whole 125 c.. In parallel, the torque of turbocharged engines is higher and available from the "bottom", whereas naturally aspirated engines need to be rotated to medium speed to obtain acceptable dynamics.
We also recommend reading the article about it, what is a forced engine. In this article you will learn about it, in what ways it is possible to increase power of the atmospheric or turbocharged internal combustion engine.
Increase engine displacement
Physically increasing the volume of the combustion chamber is one way to boost the engine to increase power. Let's start with that, that greatly increase the volume does not work, as the block of cylinders of the engine is usually calculated on boring of cylinders strictly to certain limits. Such limits are assumed 3 capital repairs, during which worn cylinders are drilled to return them to the correct shape before installing repair pistons, piston rings and other elements of the increased size.
Pistons and other engine parts, which are available for sale, also found exclusively in three repair sizes. For this reason, it is better to change the engine immediately during deep tuning of the car engine, that is, install another engine from the beginning with a large displacement, which can then be further ground to the second or last repair size.
Large engine: advantages and disadvantages
Let's start with the obvious disadvantages. The main disadvantages of the large volume of the engine are the price of the car with such an engine and fuel consumption. You should also take into account the increased costs of its scheduled maintenance. More engine oil must be added to the three-dimensional engine, as well as coolant in the cooling system. If overhaul is required, costs will also be increased compared to low-volume units.
Another disadvantage is the high taxes on cars with large engines. Such a car is more expensive to clear customs, remove and register, insure, more expensive to pass inspection, etc.. Let's add, that cars with an engine capacity of 3 liters are often subject to additional tax, as they are considered a luxury item.
The advantages include high power, increased resource and comfort while traveling. Engines with a large combustion chamber displacement do not need to be spun as high as possible under normal operating conditions.. In the case of a manual transmission, there is no need to shift to a lower one during overtaking, lifting movements, etc.. If the car has an automatic checkpoint, then the electronics will not seek to constantly keep high speeds in low gears to maintain a dynamic driving pace.
It is also necessary to take into account that fact, that engines with a large volume usually warm up faster and better in winter, which increases the comfort of the car in the cold season. Let's add, that powerful high-volume atmospheric gasoline engines are often less demanding on the quality of gasoline compared to small forced versions with a higher degree of compression.
As for the comparison of powerful atmospheric and turbo engines, simple atmodvigatel is considered more reliable. In the middle, gasoline turbo engine with a capacity of about 200 forces with working volume 1.8 or 2.0 liters, even with good service may require attention to the mileage of the order 180-250 thousand. Km. At the same time, the 3.5-liter "atmospheric" with similar capacity will pass without repair 350 thousand. Km. It should also be noted, that to compare among themselves petrol and diesel engines only on volume it is incorrect, because the diesel initially has a higher efficiency and a number of other distinctive features.
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