Using a lathe one of the modern models, you can perform a fairly large list of technological operations for metal processing. But mainly on such equipment perform processing of external and internal surfaces of workpieces, having a cylindrical, conical and shaped configuration.
Modern lathe
History of the emergence and development of equipment
According to historians, lathes (rather, primitive ancestors of such devices) were invented and began to be used by man in the middle of the VII century BC. Of course, such a device had the simplest design, but allowed to carry out effectively processing of products from a tree or a bone. In order to make such a treatment, in two centers, which were mounted coaxially with each other, the part was clamped. It was rotated by hand, and the cutting process was carried out using a hand cutter, manipulated by a single "operator". Thus, the product was given the desired shape and size.
The next stage of development, to which the equipment of the turning group was subjected, was to equip it with a drive, necessary to provide the details of the rotational motion. The bowstring was first used as such an occasion, which loop was sketched on the workpiece. And a little later (XIV century) a foot drive for turning equipment was invented.
Ancient lathe with foot drive
The design of such an occasion, very similar to the drive mechanism of the foot sewing machine, consisted of a fixed cantilever wooden pole, connected to the workpiece by a strong rope. When pressing his foot on the pole, the rope was stretched, which led to the rotation of the workpiece on 1-2 turnover. After, as the foot removed from the pole, the rope is released and headed up, which entailed the rotation of the workpiece in the other direction.
Despite the simple design, such lathes already allowed to carry out processing with rather high quality. Their advantage was that, that the maintenance of the devices was very simple.
Lathe A. Nartova, 1729 year
The lathe of the XVI century already had in its design lunettes and centers, made of metal, which allowed to use it for processing of preparations, differing in a difficult configuration. However, due to the low power of such a device, it was not yet possible to use it for turning metal workpieces..
The history of the lathe received a strong impetus in the 1700s, when the Russian Andrei Nartov created the device, on which a mechanical caliper was installed. It should be noted, that this innovation was a strong impetus in the development of all equipment, intended for processing of preparations from metal. French engineers made a significant contribution to the development of turning units, who by the middle of the XVIII century created the device, which is highly versatile. By the end of this century, a specialized unit began to be used in French industry, on which it was possible to perform threading on metal screws.
Maudsley lathes (press, to increase)
The year 1794 is considered to be a truly breakthrough in the development of turning equipment, when Henry Maudsley created the machine, which served as the basis for the further development of all turning units. What is remarkable, enterprise, founded by Maudsley, also engaged in the production of dies and tools, with the help of which thread cutting was performed on his equipment.
About that, to automate the lathe, began to think in the XIX century, and the palm of supremacy in this matter belongs to American engineers. This process followed the path of equipping the units with additional elements of automation, which eventually led to the creation of the first machine gun with a turret. It is on the basis of such devices in the future and began to create universal machines, the first of which (Spencer machine) was presented to the public 1973 year.
Classification of turning equipment
Classification of lathes, which was developed in Soviet times, includes such units in the first category of equipment, intended for processing of preparations from metal. According to this classification, all types of lathes belong to one of the following categories:
- automatic and semi-automatic turning units with one spindle;
- multi-spindle machines: automatic and semi-automatic;
- revolver models;
- cutting group machines;
- carousel models;
- frontal and screw-cutting equipment;
- multi-cutter and polishing units;
- specialized machines, which can be normal and automatic;
- special purpose devices.
The main types of turning
According to the degree of machining accuracy, the following types of lathes are produced:
- special accuracy;
- high accuracy - In;
- of normal accuracy - N;
- particularly high accuracy - A;
- high accuracy - P.
From that, to which category the lathe belongs, depend on its functionality, and, in accordance, scope. You can learn about the main technical capabilities of the machine by its marking, which includes the following:
- initial digit "1", testifies, that this is a lathe, and not any other;
- friend figure, indicating the type, to which the lathe belongs;
- the third digit (and in some models and the fourth) - This is the most basic parameter of the machine, which characterizes the height of its centers.
Deciphering the marking of lathes (press, to increase)
There are letters and symbols in the marking of such units, which determine its design features: the level of its automation, accuracy, modification, equipped with CNC system. Example, the marking of the lathe model 1I611P is deciphered as follows: the letter "I" says so, that it is a device of the turning and screw-cutting group; the letter "P" - a machine of high accuracy; the height of the centers in this model corresponds to the values 110 mm. Guess what, to which category you have a lathe, you can also photo the model.
Types of turning equipment
Turret lathes are designed for products, to process in which several surfaces are necessary, using different tools. In order not to perform the installation and configuration of each tool, turret heads are installed on such machines, in which two or more sockets for placement of tools can be provided. Of course, it is much more difficult to maintain such a lathe, than the usual model, but this is fully offset by the functionality of this unit. Example, popular models of such machines are 1E316P, 1G340PC, 1P371, 1A341.
Carousel machine - one of the types of lathes
Rotary lathes are designed to machine workpieces, characterized by short length, considerable mass, larger outer diameter. These include dimensional gears, flywheels, etc.. Functional capabilities of such lathes (example, models 1512, 1541, 1550, 1L532 and others) allow to carry out on them various types of turning works: turning, boring, eruption of grooves, processing of end faces, etc.. And if you add such lathes with additional devices, then they will become even more universal: with their help it will be possible to carry out some milling operations, cut the thread, to carry out grinding and to make a number of other technological actions.
Working bodies of the multispindle machine
Multi-spindle machines, belonging to the turning group, necessary to perform complex technological operations in mass production. Blanks, which can be processed on such machines, may be in the form of pipes, hex, square and round bars, shaped profile, etc.. This technique is characterized by high rigidity of its structure and powerful drive, that allows to carry out with its help processing with high productivity.
What is important, such complex and functional equipment is serviced in exactly the same way, as well as the machine of usual model. List of technological operations, which can be performed on such a unit, quite large: boring, rough and shaped turning, threading and rolling, etc. The most popular models of such turning equipment are machines 1P365 and 1B140.
Screw-cutting lathe 16K20
Common models of lathes, which gained wide popularity since Soviet times, there are turning and screw-cutting devices. Such machines are popular, which can be found not only in almost any industrial enterprise, but also in school workshops, won because of that, that with their help it is possible to carry out effectively the big list of technological operations.
Each such machine, regardless of the model, has a typical design, consisting of the same type of nodes. Along with its functionality, screw-turning models of lathes differ in high safety, ease of operation and maintenance, which makes it possible to use them as units for equipping school workshops since Soviet times. The most famous and popular models of such turning equipment are 16K20 machines, 16K50, 16B16A and 16P16P.
At the enterprises, producing their products in large series and used in the manufacture of blanks of shaped profiles and calibrated rods, lathes are actively used. Such machines, on which mainly perform turning operations in the longitudinal direction, with equal success cope with the processing of blanks of different metals: superhard alloys, soft copper, etc.
In the domestic market lathes are represented mainly by models of foreign manufacturers (Japan, South Korea and others). There are also some models of domestic production, for example 1M10DA.
Lathe 1M10DA
Features of design of lathes
All machines, are intended for performance of turning processing of preparations from metal and other materials, having in the design typical constructive elements:
- bed - the bearing element of the lathe, on which all elements of its design are established;
- apron (in this element of the lathe is the transformation of the movement of the roller or the propeller moving its caliper);
- spindle grandmother, on which the spindle of the device is located, and in its inner part is the gearbox;
- carriage (in this element of the machine the cutting tool is fixed, also a caliper is needed for that, to ensure longitudinal and transverse feed of the tool, done with the specified parameters; the lower carriage must be present in the caliper design, and in some models there are several, on the top of which the holder for the turning tool fastens);
- feed box (by means of this constructive element the movement from the running screw or the platen on a machine support is transferred);
- electrical part of the machine design, which includes a drive motor, the power of which in different models of machines can vary greatly, as well as elements, by means of which management of electric equipment of the device is provided (naturally, this part of the lathe must meet safety requirements).
The main components of the lathe
All design elements of the machine rest on two pedestals, which perform a supporting function, and also provide placement of the workpiece at a height convenient for the operator. Such cabinets, differing in the massiveness of its design, can be seen in the photo of a lathe of any model.
The main part of the structural elements of the turning equipment is unified, which allows you to quickly and with minimal costs to perform their maintenance and repair.
Lathe caliper design
Drive shafts of the machine
An example of the location of the controls of the lathe (press, to increase)
Safety rules
Working even on a simple school lathe unit, safety requirements must be strictly observed, which are as follows.
- All special clothing of the operator must be fastened with all buttons.
- Before you start work, it is necessary to perform a technical inspection of the device, in the course of which separate malfunctions in its functioning can be revealed. When such faults are detected, if the operator cannot eliminate them quickly with his own hands, it is necessary to call the technician (or adjuster), who will deal with this issue.
- All technological operations on the lathe should be performed only according to the technical task, for which it is necessary to obtain in advance from the master drawings or a detailed technological process of processing.
Safety Note When Turning On Lathes (press, to increase)
Machine operator, including equipped with a CNC system, strictly prohibited:
- get to work, if the device is currently being debugged or serviced;
- work on the machine, if its centers have undergone significant wear;
- use tools and clamps in the machining process, which have even the slightest signs of malfunction;
- troubleshoot yourself, related to the electrical system of the equipment;
- move away from the machine, which is in the on state, as well as delegate its management to third parties.
In that case, if during the preliminary inspection malfunctions of protective elements of the equipment were revealed, in no case it is impossible to start processing of preparations with its use.