Stamping, for which a metal press is used, is one of the most common technological operations for processing this material. The essence of this procedure is, to provide blanks, made of metal, the required shape, for which plastic deformation is used, squeezing out a certain relief, patterns or punching holes. Presses for metal processing depending on the list of tasks, for the solution of which they are intended, differ from each other in their technical parameters, and constructive execution.
Presses for metal processing are used in any industry: small series, serial or mass
Types of stamping technological operations and equipment
Stamping as a method of processing metal blanks is:
- hot;
- cold.
The first involves, that the metal is processed in the heated state. The big advantage of hot stamping is that, that during its implementation the characteristics of the workpiece are improved (in particular, the structure of the metal becomes denser and more homogeneous). Meanwhile, on the surface of metal workpieces, processed by cold stamping technology, no scale layer is created, while the dimensions of the finished products are more accurate, and their surface is smoother.
Hot stamping often replaces forging, ensuring more accurate adherence to dimensions
By type of workpiece, amenable to stamping, such a technological operation can be sheet or three-dimensional. Stamping of the first type is used for processing of blanks from sheet metal, by such technology produce:
- dishes;
- Jewelry;
- weapons;
- medical equipment and instruments;
- details of watches, household, climatic equipment and electrical equipment;
- details for a complete set of automobile equipment;
- details of machine tools and other machine-building products.
Stamping of sheet metal on a coordinate revolving press
Finished metal products, obtained by sheet metal stamping technology, do not require further refinement. The formation of their geometric parameters when performing three-dimensional stamping takes place in special forms, in which hot or cold metal is forced.
The press machine is commonly used when:
- production of metal billets by forging;
- pressing and extrusion of shafts, bearings and gears;
- sheet and three-dimensional stamping.
According to the principle of operation, pressing machines can belong to the mechanical or hydraulic type, perform metal processing by static or shock methods.
The mechanical press single-crank K2130 belongs to the equipment of two-rack type
The pressing equipment of mechanical type on the constructive execution can be:
- eccentric;
- crank.
Crank machines are used for cold, and for hot stamping of metal. This stamping equipment is also used to perform such technological operations, as an extract, felling and cutting. Hydraulic press is used for stamping and forging technological operations with bulk metal blanks.
Stamping shop of cold metal processing
According to their functionality, pressing machines are divided into the following types:
- universal;
- special;
- specialized.
The universal press machine has the widest functional possibilities, such equipment can be used to perform almost any forging operation. Specialized dies or presses are used to implement a single process. Special presses have minimal functionality, which are used for stamping products of one type, at the same time their work is based on one technology.
Design and principle of operation of press equipment
The design of any stamping equipment consists of the following elements:
- drive electric motor;
- motion transmission mechanism;
- executive mechanism.
The main parts of the mechanical crank press
Depending on that, how the drive motor of the press is related to its actuator, allocate machines with communication:
- mechanical;
- non-mechanical, carried out at the expense of liquid, gas or steam.
As an executive mechanism, which is equipped with equipment for stamping, traverses can act, slider, rolls, rollers and women.
Crank presses
The main structural element of these presses is the crank mechanism, which converts rotational motion, what they get from the occasion, in the reciprocating motion of the slider. Executive mechanism, which is equipped with a stamping press of this type, connected directly to the slider, able to develop efforts to 100 tons. The movement of the slider in such presses is carried out with the same frequency.
Prefabricated stamp crank press
Crank-type presses can be simple type equipment, double or triple action. Using such machines, you can perform such technological operations:
- stamping using open and closed matrices;
- sheet metal cutting;
- firmware;
- forming the finished product by extrusion;
- combined processing.
In those cases, when more powerful equipment is required to form a finished product from a metal workpiece, hydraulic type machines are used.
ESSA crank press automatic machine
Hydraulic presses
Using a hydraulic press, can be pressed as larger, and thicker metal parts. Such equipment for sheet metal stamping, three-dimensional stamping, forging, bending and other technological operations depending on the specific model can develop efforts from 150 to 2000 tons and even more.
The main structural elements, which is equipped with any hydraulic press, there are two cylinders of different diameters, which are filled with working fluid and communicate with each other. A piston is installed in each of these hydraulic cylinders, which creates the pressure of the working fluid or moves under its influence. It is the movement of the pistons in the hydraulic cylinders that ensures the movement of the actuator of the equipment. The magnitude of the effort, which can create such a stamping press, determined by the difference in diameters of its hydraulic cylinders.
Radial forging presses
The radial forging machine is a forming press, preheated metal ingots are converted into finished products of cylindrical configuration. The design of presses of this type is:
- induction furnace, in which the preheating of the workpiece;
- conveyor for feeding the workpiece into the processing area;
- gripping mechanisms, by means of which the detail from metal is processed, constantly rotating, passes through the forging zone;
- worm gear, combined with an electric motor and is responsible for the operation of the gripping mechanisms;
- four shafts with eccentric axles, transmitting the movement of the connecting rod with a striker, between which a slider is fixed (the shafts themselves are rotated by the V-belt transmission from the drive motor);
- copy drums, responsible for the synchronous convergence of the strikers and the subsequent movement of the workpiece;
- spring clutch, which provides braking of a detail at the moment of its processing by fights.
Radial forging machine is used to obtain square or round forgings, close to the profile of finished products
Electromagnetic type presses
This is a new type of pressing equipment. The principle of its operation is based on the properties of the core, placed in a wire spool, through which an electric current passes, and moves under the influence of an electromagnetic field. The core of the electromagnet of such presses affects the actuator of the machine, directing it to the workpiece of the metal.
Three-position electromagnetic press for installation of accessories
Distinctive characteristics of electromagnetic presses are high productivity of the performed processing and economy of use.
And finally, we suggest you watch a short video, which demonstrates the work of the coordinate cutting press.