Pipes

Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings: norms and rules

March 30, 2020

Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings belong to engineering networks and are regulated by building norms and rules (SNiP). Deviation from these norms entails unforeseen breakdowns and other emergencies in these structures. Communications include internal water supply systems, carrying out transportation of cold and hot water to consumers. Sewage systems perform the function of drainage from plumbing fixtures to treatment plants.

Water supply and sewerage systems, located inside the houses, must be designed and installed in accordance with building codes and regulations

Main characteristics

Internal water supply and sewerage networks must be installed in accordance with a pre-designed project. Drafting is a must, which is necessary to perform high-quality installation of communication. From that, as the installation, will depend on the effectiveness of a particular communication, as well as the duration of its operation.

Water supply systems, as well as sewerage networks are laid to ensure the maintenance of private homes, multi-storey residential buildings, small and large enterprises, as well as office buildings and other structures.

The method of installation of internal water supply and sewerage can be of two types:

  • internal;
  • external;

Communications, laid inside buildings, in most cases are made of metal-plastic or plastic pipes. However SNiP allows to lay pipelines and from other materials. Example, the use of steel or copper pipes is allowed for the water supply network.

pay attention! Steel pipes are a more expensive analogue of modern metal-plastic and polymer products, therefore they are used for installation of water supply systems less and less often.

Modern plumbing and sewerage systems are often mounted from polymer pipes, which have a lot of advantages over metal

exept this, it should be noted, that steel pipes have low resistance to corrosion and are prone to clogging due to insufficiently smooth inner surface. As for copper products - they are, apparently, are the most expensive and, despite its excellent technical characteristics, are installed very rarely.

Modern projects should contribute to the improvement of construction work, and to widely implement the following points:

  • maximum automation of all processes;
  • mechanization of labor-intensive stages of installation;
  • standardization of communications through the use of pipes and additional components identical to them (standard) sizes;
  • reduction of financial, energy and labor costs in the installation of any communication.

There are own rules for external communications, registered in SNiP "external water supply and sewerage of buildings".

Requirements, extending to internal water supply and sewerage inside buildings

There is a set of rules (SP), which must be subject to internal water supply and sewerage networks. Consider a list of basic requirements for these pipeline structures:

  • when designing water supply and drainage systems, it is recommended to combine them. This option is considered the most effective and reduces the cost of operation of these pipelines;
  • water, delivered from the domestic water supply, must comply with all sanitary and hygienic standards. In order to achieve a certain quality standard, water must undergo several mandatory procedures, including: cleaning, lighting, etc.. d.;
  • technical water is not used for drinking, but, despite this, they must also undergo all necessary cleaning measures. The degree of clarification of water is determined according to its further use (that is, for which technological process it will be used);
  • communications from ecological materials should be used for transportation and delivery of water to the final consumer, the material of which does not react with water and does not emit any foreign chemical impurities.
  • according to SNiP the necessary measure is the account of volume of water consumption, as well as the amount of fluid pressure.

Pipe material, used for plumbing, should not emit any substances into drinking water, deteriorating its quality

Consider the minimum free pressure of the fluid for different situations:

  • single-storey structures must have free pressure, which is equal to 10 m;
  • each subsequent floor must have an increase in pressure of at least 4 m;
  • in those cases, when there are periods of minimal water consumption, the norm is to reduce the pressure on each subsequent floor after the first on 1 m.

Internal plumbing

Internal plumbing refers to communications, transporting hot and cold water to consumers. In addition to pipes, this system includes measuring instruments and other shaped parts and components.

These pipelines deliver water to:

  • plumbing fixtures, which include faucets and toilets;
  • to technological cranes;
  • to fire hydrants.

The set of rules of internal water supply is aimed at identifying water quality, supplied, as well as its technical characteristics. The main characteristic is the water temperature, transported.

Water quality, submitted for business purposes, determined by the following indicators:

  • microbiological characteristics of water;
  • organoleptic properties;
  • water toxicity indicators.

The rules regulate the SNiP characteristics of water, including its composition and temperature

Temperature indicators at water collection points, belonging to residential structures, should be at least 50-60 ° C and not more 75 °C. It is worth noting, that the same figure in preschool institutions should be no more 37 °C.

According to SNiP, internal water supply systems are classified into three main groups depending on the type of building and its purpose:

  • economic and drinking communication;
  • fire water supply;
  • trunk, mounted at the enterprise.

pay attention! The regulations allow the connection of the fire water supply system to another water supply system. However, such docking is only allowed with one of the other two systems listed above.

Consider the list of basic structural elements, which are part of any of the above networks:

  • inputs to the house;
  • offshoot (wiring);
  • counters;
  • risers and water supply equipment;
  • shut-off and control valves.

According to SNiP hot water supply should branch off from the centralized network or the internal heater. It should be noted, that for constructions, whose height exceeds 10 m, installation of special pumping equipment is mandatory. Pumps perform a pumping function, thus it becomes possible to deliver water to the upper floors.

Internal sewerage

Pipes and auxiliary fittings belong to the internal sewerage. This communication performs a very important function - drainage from plumbing fixtures and rainwater collectors outside buildings. The end point, usually, there are treatment facilities, which filter water and dispose of it in the nearest reservoir. After that, the water can be reused for various purposes.

The internal sewerage system collects and discharges sewage from consumer appliances into the general network

The main types of internal sewerage:

  • economic;
  • sewerage at enterprises;
  • combined (ob'єdnana) sewerage network;
  • rainy.

Consider, in which cases a separate sewer system is installed:

  • for buildings, wastewater which requires additional treatment measures;
  • for buildings, which have treatment facilities;
  • for various industrial buildings, as well as for buildings, belonging to the field of nutrition (Cafe, restaurants, etc.).

The basic requirements for plumbing fixtures and receivers are as follows:

  • a siphon or water seal must be located at the point of discharge;
  • each toilet must be equipped with a drain tank;
  • urinals must be present in men's toilets.

Installation of all devices is subject to certain rules, painted in SNiP. The height of the devices and other parameters must be strictly adhered to.

Importantly! In order for normal drainage, the organization of the closed pressureless is necessary (gravitational) communications. The laying of the sewer pipe must be performed at a certain slope. The slope starts from the plumbing fixture to the main riser.

And also worth noting, that for the organization of connections in a sewer design special devices - fittings are used. Sewer fittings are structurally diverse, which determines their high popularity and functionality.

Pipe materials, which are allowed to be applied at installation of pressureless sewer communications of internal type:

  • polymeric (usually, polyethylene pipes);
  • cast iron (mostly made of durable cast iron);
  • asbestos-cement.

Cast iron is used for non-pressure sewer systems, asbestos-cement or polymer pipes

Installation of the above pipes can be performed in two ways:

  • open;
  • closed.

The open method involves the use of special elements for fixing. With these elements, the pipes are attached to the working surfaces. It is recommended to install sewer pipes in places, where the probability of their mechanical damage is the lowest. The hidden way of laying sewer communication involves the installation of its structural elements as follows, so that the pipes were not visible (under the floor, in the wall, etc.. d.).

In which cases the installation of sewer pipes is prohibited?

Sewer constructions, which perform the function of sewage disposal, it is forbidden to install in such cases:

  • it is strictly forbidden to conduct sewer pipes in living rooms;
  • installation of sewer pipes is prohibited in the bedrooms of children's institutions and medical wards of hospitals;
  • in the living quarters of sanatoriums;
  • laying sewer pipes is not allowed in libraries;
  • in switchboard rooms;
  • under the ceiling in the kitchens;
  • in public catering premises;
  • in museums.

With a complete list of places, where internal sewerage is prohibited, can be found in the relevant chapter of building codes and regulations.

exept this, it is worth noting some restrictions and provisions, compliance with which is necessary:

  • it is forbidden to combine ventilation ducts with the sewer riser hood;
  • chimneys and hood risers must not be connected;
  • special audits must be provided in the sewer structure;
  • pipes, laid by covert method, must be equipped with inspection hatches. This is necessary for that, to provide quick access to communication.

Access to sewer pipes, laid in the ground, should be carried out through specially equipped hatches - audits

In accordance with SNiP audits are mounted:

  • on the first and last floor of the building;
  • in high-rise buildings - at least, than through 3 floors;
  • on turns of sewer communication.

The frequency of revisions on horizontal sewer sections is determined on a case-by-case basis. The following indicators play a role in this case: diameter of pipes, characteristics of wastewater.

Options for installation of water pipes for suburban areas

Installation of pipes can be performed by two common methods:

  1. Consistent connection of consumers.
  2. Collector connection.

Usually, the first option is suitable for a small country house. For country houses, in which people live permanently, the first option will not work. When connected in series, each transition contributes to the loss of pressure. In this case, the need for collector wiring, which involves the removal of the pipe from the main collector to the consumer. So, the water pressure for each consumer will be the same.

Useful Information! It is worth noting, that collector wiring is an expensive measure, as more pipes and other shaped details are used for installation.

Water, usually, taken from a well or borehole. From the well closed method (in the ground) the pipe is laid. Such a pipe is connected to the pumping equipment, but before that it must be installed check valve, which will regulate the direction of water movement and will not allow it to move in the opposite direction. Water pipe, which transports hot water, must be connected to a suitable water heater.

Internal water supply and sewerage systems are subject to certain rules, which are established by the competent state institutions. Adherence to these rules is not only recommended, but is also a must when installing these communications.